Fitzgerald Marine Reserve

I'm taking Plants and Animals of California at City College Thursday nights. The instructor was going to take the class here on a field trip, but something came up and she made this an optional, self-guided field trip.

So this isn't just a blog post. It's homework.

The Fitzgerald Marine Reserve is in the small town of in Moss Beach, a short drive south down Highway 1 from San Francisco.





If I could sing, I just might join a chorus.

The trees are Cupressus macrocarpa, Monterey Cypress. Moss Beach is about 100 miles north of their native range, which is very limited. These trees have been planted widely in California (and other places), particularly in coastal environments where wind pruning sculpts them into uniquely beautiful specimens. But not here.



The book Introduction to California Plant Life says this:

"[B]oth Monterey Pine [Pinus radiata] and Monterey Cypress--rare and remnant species that are ecologically unsuccessful in their natural habitat--are widely planted as windbreaks and timber trees in many areas of the world, particularly New Zealand and Australia, and...in some of these southern regions, these trees are invasive weeds that have spread from areas in which they were planted to adjacent areas of native vegetation."

The 2001 Sunset Western Garden Book says, "Away from cool coastal winds, C. macrocarpa is very subject to coryneum canker fungus, for which there is no cure. Look for foliage that first turns yellow then deep reddish brown, and falls off slowly. Destroy infected trees."

Like these?



Maybe they have something else; these trees are growing in full exposure to "cool, coastal winds".

But we're not here to see trees.



We've come to observe the tidepools, contemplate California's biodiversity, and appreciate the ecology of the plants and animals that live in this special habitat.

It's about 3:30 p.m., which happens to be somewhere between high and low tide this time of year.

2007-10-27 11:16 PDT 6.58 feet High Tide
2007-10-27 18:17 PDT Sunset
2007-10-27 18:18 PDT -1.42 feet Low Tide

(Link.)

The Reserve closes at 5, and we need to (want to) be home having coctails at 5, so this is the best we can do. (It's funny that Google, and the Blogger spellcheck, want you to spell cocktail with a k, but Wikipedia and quite a few other sources spell coctail with no k. Is this slow evolution into klessness unfolding right before our eyes? What are the selection pressures favoring or disfavoring k?)

But I digress. The point is that during the time of our visit, water is receding back to the ocean.



Water is quite literally seeping out from the sandbank underneath my feet.




Professor Traut's handout for this field trip quotes some text by Bart Oxley and Bob Breen that says "Until its designation as a reserve in 1969, there was unlimited removal of wildlife from its tidepools, and at one time overflow crowds from San Francisco rushed to its shores to experience its touted reputation as a health spa."



Talking to the Volunteer Director at the San Francisco Botanical Garden about this class, I mentioned that we were going to come here on a field trip. He recalled visiting this beach as a child, before 1969, with his father and brother, and collecting crabs and such to take home. It seems so unthinkable now.




But there are a lot of people here today, and I feel certain some of them are collecting.





Don't you?

(As another assignment for the class, we're supposed to write an impact report about how human activities have adversely impacted California's ecology. I'm not going to do that assignment, but if I was going to, it might be interesting to write about how visitors to parks and nature reserves impact those places.)

But what's a reasonable, practicable solution to that problem? I don't know.

Anyhow, let's get on with it already.

Ecologists describe this environment as the "rocky intertidal". They divide the rocky intertidal loosely into different zones...

the splash zone: wetted by surf spray during high tide
the upper intertidal: covered during most high tides
the middle intertidal: uncovered by many but not all low tides; covered by all high tides
lower intertidal: exposed only during the lowest tides

Splash and High:



Middle:



Lower:



Of course, it's very clear where the rocky intertidal meets the sandy shore. I'm starting to think how interesting that is, that these two different environments abut each other so sharply. Such crisp borders are not often found when you think about it.



My class notes say, "Many small invertebrates live in between sand grains, lots of filter feeders (sand crabs)". I'm curious what it's like beneath the surface, where the sandy shore meets the rocky intertidal.

Judging by the animals that are visible in the pictures below, I would guess we're seeing the lower intertidal zone during this visit to the Reserve.

"The lower intertidal is exposed only by the lowest of the low tides, the spring tides. Its upper margin is considered to be the average sea level, the line from which the height of a tide is measured. A low tide that drops below this line is called a minus tide. During a 6-foot tide, this line would be 6 feet underwater." (Schoenherr's Natural History of California)

Tide levels vary all over the earth, and some places only have one high tide and one low tide. The two daily high and low tides on the east coast are pretty much equal, but that is not the case on the west coast. Here, one high tide is higher than the other, and one low tide is lower than the other.

Time plays an interesting role in the rocky intertidal's biotic zonation. If you consider a mountain ecosystem, altitude and longitude distinguishes the alpine, subalpine, upper montane, and lower montane zones. Seasonal progressions bring change, but the zones remain more or less fixed geographically from day to day and year to year. In the rocky intertidal, zonal qualities change radically from hour to hour, every day, always.

Living in the rocky intertidal means being ready to cope with relatively extreme variations in water cover and dessication, exposure to predators, temperature, and wave action.

One of the things I've enjoyed thinking about in this class is the importance of space as a resource for living things. Living things take up space. Space is limited. How effectively an organism, or species, occupies and utilizes its space determines whether it gets to continue living there.

Competition must be fierce--especially in this environment, where the volume of living space contracts to a very small size indeed. This tiny pool will just get smaller in the next few hours as water evaporates.



This tight little crevice is filled with creatures vying for space.



But then there are relatively big pools, nearly vacant.



Do you get more protection in a tight crevice than a big, open pool? Is that what explains the difference in population density? Or is this just random? If I observed this one pool every day during low tide for a year, how would it change?

Two kinds of limpet vie for space here on top of this rock, in the upper intertidal zone. The gray little volcanoes are Chthalamus sp., commonly called Buckshot Barnacles. The little black snails are Littornia sp., commonly called Periwinkles.



Chthalamus use a feather-like hind appendage to feed when the tide is in, and close up when the tide is out. They seal in water and resist dessication longer than the barnacles that grow lower down.

It seems like Chthalamus is winning the battle for space on this rock, but who can say. The flattened cone shape of barnacle shells helps to disperse the energy of crashing waves.

"Periwinkles have an interesting set of reflexes that brings them back to their normal habitat in the upper intertidal or splash zone [when waves knock them off their perches]. When they are underwater, they respond negatively to gravity. This instinct, known as negative geotaxis, causes them to crawl along rocks upward to the surface. If the snail crawls into a crack, when it is right-side up it has a negative reaction to light. If it is upside down it has a positive reaction to light. These instincts are known as positive and negative phototaxes. The result is that cracks pose no problem. A snail crawls into the crack and back out again, always moving upward. Once the snail emerges from the water it knows it is 'home'. As long as it remains moist, it will move only to feed." (Schoenherr)

Red algae (Phaeophyta) typically grow deeper in the water than green algae where it effectively absorbs deeply penetrating (short wavelength) light at the blue end of the visible spectrum.

This kind looks strongly attached to the rock to better resist wave action. Note that its growth does not extend into the perpetually wet lower areas.



It's limited to the surface which dries out between high tides. The coarse, leathery texture resists dessication.



Other kinds of algae can occupy the submerged bottoms. The brown algae in this picture is long and filamentous. I would guess it has a higher surface area overall than the flattened kind in the drier zone above.



And these sand-speckled things seem to know exactly where they belong, lined single-file in a crack!



Other creatures "sharing" space on this cord of kelp.



Anenomes are filter feeders. Here are some anenomes nestled in a crevice with water riffling over them. They can filter the organic matter out of the water as it continually rushes over it. I believe anenome reproduce asexually for the most part--an advantage, if you can't get up to find a mate.



These look like snails, but they're hermit crabs, perhaps Pagurus sp. "Life for a hermit crab includes incessant scavenging, either for food or for a home with the proper fit." (Shoenherr)



Green and red algae together. Very different morphologies. One is short and tufted, the other is thin and flat.





Many anemone.



Anenomes living in tight spaces. Do they grow big at their peril, and risk predation or dessication? Is it better to stay small?



Farther out, a harbor seal. They are said to like protected bays, inlets and river mouths. They are predators in the intertidal zone, but prey in open water.



Harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) are distinguished from sea lions (e.g., Zalophus californicus, the most common on the west coast) by having little depressions for ears, and strong hind flippers. Sea lions have visible ears and strong front flippers.

(When you see a seal show at a water park, with clapping "seals" playing with beach balls, those are actually sea lions, not seals. FYI.)

Like Australia and South Africa, climates similar to California's, there are big sharks off these waters, and transient orcas are more and more common according to my instructor. They only eat marine mammals. The residential orcas off Canada's coast eat fish.



For all the interest in the water, what captures my imagination today are these algal bouquets washed upon the sand.



So many different kinds, all knotted together.



You can see how closely they once shared space under water.



"A number of scavengers live among these piles of rotting kelp..." (Schoenherr)



A gardener would intuit as much. This is bascially compost material.



Except that it's not decomposing a pile.



This is Sea Palm, Postelsia palmaeformis.

"It is an annual species that is torn loose by the surf during fall and winter. Each year, about February, a new forest of Sea Palms grows on bare surfaces produced by disturbance... Studies of primary production in Sea Palms indicate that the intertidal region is one of the most productive ecosystems on the planet, producing more biomass per year than a tropical forest. A grove of Seal Palms fixes about 32 pounds of carbon per square yard of surface area per year (14.6 kg/m2/yr)." (Schoenherr)

The rocky cliffs are slowly giving rocks back to the ocean. This is chert, a sedimentary rock formed from dead sea creatures deposited on the ocean floor and lifted by plate subduction and translocation millions of years ago. (This whole area of California was at least 200 miles south of where it is right now only 25 million years ago.)



Signs warn of falling rocks, and I could hear rocks falling off the cliff during the whole visit. You can imagine this is a problem for people who choose to live here.



Many people do.



Talk about creatures sharing space...

Intending to counteract coastal erosion, people brought in this African (or is it Chilean?) iceplant Carpobrotus edulis syn. Mesembryanthemum edulis.



The result has been a net negative for California's coastal biodiversity, and I doubt it's done much to stop erosion.


On the way back to the car, I spot a garden...



In mild climates, gardeners don't really take down their gardens and put them in the garage for winter. (How depressing!) So there's sometimes a long period of "in-between" depending on your motivation to clean up.



But the winter lettuce is in...



And the pumpkins are ready for harvest.



And there are flowers all year long if you want them.



There's more about coastal erosion on the drive home. You can see current progress on the tunnel that will bypass Devil's Slide.



And you can see another noxious invasive plant from South America which has all but taken over all of the coastal cliffs: Cortaderia jubata, commonly called Pampas Grass, although people with more knowledge call it Jubata Grass and reserve Pampas Grass for the cleaner looking C. selloana.



And then you can glimpse on the bridge leading to the other side of the tunnel as we come around the bend.



Did you visit an ecosystem near you and blog about it? Post a link in the comments.

ADDED: The Chronicle ran a story on where to visit tide pools. Link.

The Hawaiian tarweed evolution

So Madia elegans was not the tarweed that evolved in Hawaii like I said.

It was a different tarweed; the modern species is Hemizonia fasciculata.

The Hawaiian species are Dubautia laxa, Dubautia waialealae, Dubautia scabra, Dubautia linearis, Argyroxiphium sandwicense.

Here is a reference.

Cool, huh?

I’m taking an ecology of California class at City College. The instructor had us visit the California Academy of Sciences and write something about a California animal we saw there. I picked a marine animal. Here is my write-up (minus text formatting which failed cut-and-paste). My friend took a pictures on his iPhone and I’ll add them when he sends them to me.


California Moray Eel, Gymnothorax mordax, live mostly in warm water areas off the coast of California, south of Point Conception. G. mordax is distinguished from other California eels by the absence of pectoral fins.

Taxonomy
“Gymnothorax” means bare, or naked, chest. G. mordax belongs in the Muraenidae, “one of the most abundant and widespread of all eel families”. The Muraenidae contains 15 genera, and the genus Gymnothorax contains an estimated 120 species worldwide.

Lifestyle
Without pectoral fins, G. mordax moves easily through its rocky reef habitat. All morays are carnivorous and G. mordax feeds at night on small reef fishes, octopuses, shrimps crabs, lobsters and sea urchins, hunting with an uncommonly well-developed sense of smell.

G. mordax shares a symbiotic relationship with the red rock shrimp Lysmata californica who often live in the moray’s crevice and clean it of dead skin and parasites. In exchange, the eel protects the shrimp from predators. In fact, “the moray will not eat the shrimp, even while the shrimp ventures all the way inside the moray's mouth, cleaning away old bits of food.”

The moray’s mouth is constantly opening and closing to move oxygenated water over its gill openings.

Like many aquatic animals, G. mordax reproduces by external fertilization. The female lays eggs which hatch into a larva called a leptocephalus. Much remains unknown about G. mordax’s early stages of life. One theory holds that fertilization occurs in the warmer waters off Baja California and water currents bring the juveniles north to California.

G. mordax can grow to five feet long and live to be 30 years old. The specimen on view at California Academy of Sciences appeared to at least four feet long.

Human Interaction
Morays seldom leave their crevices. However, when provoked G. mordax makes a formidable opponent with numerous, razor-sharp canine-type teeth that may inflict serious lacerations. California Morays are not poisonous and may be eaten.

References
http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Gymnothorax_mordax.html)
http://www.austmus.gov.au/fishes/students/focus/gymno.htm,
http://www.pbs.org/oceanrealm/seadwellers/cathedraldwellers/moray.html

*****

ADDED!

"A typical oak tree will live long enough to have tens of thousands of its acorns devoured by insect larvae, birds, and mammals. Hundreds of its seedlings will wither and die among the grasses or be eaten by browsing herbivores. It will experience many onslaughts of defoliating caterpillars, twig-girdling beetles, and disease-causing fungi. Periodic droughts will cause it to become dormant and lose a whole season of photosynthesis. Wildfires will sear its bark and scorch its foliage. Floods will damage the root system, and high winds will occasionally pull away massive limbs. Despite such adversity, most tree oaks harbor the resiliency to live for centuries."

That's from Oaks of California by Bruce Pavlik (and others), a long overdue book acquisition.

Four characteristics distinguish the oak genus Quercus from other trees: the acorn fruit, distinctive wind-pollinated flowers, complex wood, longevity. Acorns arise from female flowers found singly or in small groups on young stems, while male flowers hang together in groups of 25-100 on catkins. Trees bear thousands of catkins and produce huge amounts of pollen. Oak wood comes in many colors and people put heartwood and sapwood to different uses. Mature trees can weigh several tons, and some oaks in California are over 600 years old.

California has nine native tree oak and eleven shrub oak species. Of the trees, four are deciduous, and five are evergreen. Shrub oaks cover an estimated 1.5 million acres in California. Natural variability can make identifying oaks a challenge even with a key.

The most common tree oak in coastal California where I live is the Coast Live Oak, Quercus agrifolia.

"Multiple trunks, often the result of stump-sprouting after a fire, are common and may grow as much horizontally as they do vertically. This habit limits its usefulness as a timber tree and imparts a characteristic and sometimes strange appearance to the coastal woodlands. Early California visitors wrote about the mystical beauty of this tree and the enchanted landscapes that possessed it. Some felt less enchantment and more of a haunting strangeness when first encountering these unique groves along the Pacific shore. Perhaps this is what led Robert Louis Stevenson to describe the dense coast live oak forests around Monterey as 'woods for murderers to crawl among.'"

Yet more coyote news.

"Authorities defended their decision to shoot and kill two coyotes in Golden Gate Park even as the action triggered a lively debate Monday between those advocating public safety and those arguing the coyotes posed no real danger, or should have been relocated."

Link.

Pam's comment from the previous post, edited:

My perspective on wildlife management in cities has been influenced heavily by "Beast in the Garden," a provocative title but a thoughtful and well-reasoned book [Abe, Amazon]. See my posts about it [here] and [here].

Previous coyote news here.

More coyote news.

"[San Francisco] officials and wildlife researchers estimate that about five to eight coyotes live in [the city]. These include at least two in Golden Gate Park and one on Bernal Hill. There have also been sightings in McLaren Park, Lake Merced and the Presidio.

Wildlife experts believe that human activity drove coyotes out of San Francisco after the 1906 earthquake, as more people began settling in the western portions of the city. But coyotes were spotted in the Presidio about seven years ago.

Researchers believe that coyotes, which can travel up to 45 miles in a day, returned to the city by traveling up the shoreline from undeveloped parts of San Mateo County along Ocean Beach. Researchers tracked the movements of a coyote in the Presidio with an electronic device and said it traveled to the Daly City area and back in one day.

The San Francisco sightings come as coyotes, which tend to hunt in the evening and early morning, have successfully adapted to human habitation and spread into undeveloped areas adjacent to cities and suburbs.

When Europeans settled America in the 17th century, coyotes were found mostly in the western United States. But in recent decades they have spread all the way to the East Coast and have infiltrated many major cities."

Link.

Feral cats

San Francisco residents who don't want feral cats living in their backyards can trap them and take them to either the San Francisco Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals or Animal Care and Control.

If taken to the SFSPCA , the cats are treated for any medical problems, either spayed or neutered, and vaccinated. There is no charge to the person bringing the cat in for this procedure.

The SFSPCA returns the cat to its original neighborhood (in most cases the neighborhood from which the resident brought the cat in). The organization tries to enlist a neighbor in the area to take care of the returned cat, but, in lieu of that, organizations such as Give Me Shelter Cat Rescue step in. SFSPCA also has a feral-cat team that travels citywide to manage colonies.

The logic behind returning fixed feral cats is that the colonies will eventually get smaller because they won't be able to reproduce. Also, because cat colonies are territorial, a tribe of fixed cats will grow smaller because they will not allow potentially fertile newcomers to join the group.

Still, returning feral cats to an indifferent or hostile neighborhood can be a hard sell. But for SFSPCA President Jan McHugh-Smith, it is the best choice.

"I think feral cats are in our environment. They're a part of our ecology," she said. "If you try to eradicate them, it creates a vacuum that can cause other problems. For example, in New Orleans they tried to eradicate feral cats, and in the areas where they did, the mouse and rat problem exploded. Unsterilized cats will move into the void and reproduce, and the problem's going to get worse."

Link.

Two humpback whales that made a 90-mile river journey from San Francisco to the outskirts of Sacramento have injuries that appear to have come from a propeller, marine experts said Wednesday.

The whales, believed to be a mother and her calf, were diagnosed by researchers from the Marine Mammal Center in Sausalito using photos taken Wednesday in the Port of Sacramento, then blown up on computer screens.

Link.
Does this ever turn out well? Very sad.